Ting Zhang, Ph.D.
Distinguished Visiting Professor, Anhui Normal University
Associate Professor, Department of Accounting, Finance, and Economics
Affiliated Research Fellow, MLDS
Associate Director, Jacob France Institute
Summer REACH Research Award
Harry Y. Wright Chair
Appointed member of Maryland Governor's Office Equal Pay Commission
The T. Rowe Price Excellence in Teaching award
Department of Finance and Economics
Office: Business Center 413
Phone: 410.837.6551
E-mail: tzhang@ubalt.edu
Education:
- Ph.D., George Mason University
- M.S., Johns Hopkins University
- M.A., University of Maryland, Baltimore County
- B.A., East China Normal University
-
Bio
Ting Zhang is an Associate Professor of the Department of Accounting, Finance and Economics, Merrick School of Business, Harry Y. Wright Chair awarded in 2020, and an Associate Director of the Jacob France Institute, University of Baltimore. Dr. Zhang�s research interests include entrepreneurship, aging, human capital, workforce development, and digitization. She has given invited talks to at the U.S. Congress Joint Economic Committee, the House Committee on Small Businesses, the US National Press Club, the US Department of Labor (DOL), George Mason University, the Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation and given invited keynote speeches at University of Lisbon, Johns Hopkins University, George Washington University, multiple universities in china (i.e. Tsinghua University, Central University of Finance and Economics, Dalian University of Technology, etc), Uddevalla Symposium, national medical device conference, and other professional conferences. Dr. Zhang�s research has been quoted by popular media such as Forbes, Time, Bloomberg Businessweek, Market Watch, Baltimore Sun, etc. Dr. Zhang has been a Principal Investigator (PI) for many workforce related national, state and local grants, including grants from USDA ERS, US DOL, USDE, Maryland Department of Disability, Maryland Department of Human Services, Maryland DOL, etc. Dr. Zhang is a published author of multiple peer reviewed books and a number of academic journal articles. Her 2013 book on entrepreneurship in China is regarded in China as one of the best economics book written in English and her 2008 book on elderly entrepreneurship is favorably reviewed by the Gerontologist. Dr. Zhang was a winner of the T. Rowe Price Excellence in Teaching awards (2016-2018), Harry Y. Wright Chair (2020), Kauffman Research Fellowship (2015-2019), US DOL Employment & Training Administration Research Fellowship Award (2009-2011), Kauffman Dissertation Award (2007), front runner of Charles M. Tiebout Prize in Regional Science (2008), Labor and Employment Relations Association Best Paper Selection (2017, 2018, 2019, 2021), etc.
-
Research Interests
aging and entrepreneurship, labor and workforce development, wage, employment and business dynamics, longitudinal administrative records , regional science.
-
Teaching Interests
economics, data analysis, aging and entrepreneurship, regional science, workforce development.
-
Recent Publications
Intellectual Contributions
Books
Zhang, T., & Gerlowski, D. A. (2018). Book Review: Who Will Care For Us?. Perspectives of Work. 2018. 82-83.
Book Chapters
Zhang, T., & Acs, Z. J. (2019). Different age effects by entrepreneur types: an investigation on US boomer entrepreneurs. 192-228.
Zhang, T., Christiensen, S., & Li, J. (2019). Snap, UI, and Employment Interactions in Maryland, 2009-2015. UpJohn Institute. 243-280.
Zhang, T. (2019). Heterogeneous Boomer Entrepreneurs. Springer. 93-110.
Zhang, T. (2018). Probabilistic Matching. Encyclopedia of Big Data, Springer.
Zhang, T. (2018). Data Synthesis. Encyclopedia of Big Data, Springer.
Zhang, T. (2017). Integrated Data System. Encyclopedia of Big Data, Springer. (978-3-319-32001-4),
Zhang, T. (2017). State Longitudinal Data System. Encyclopedia of Big Data, Springer.
Refereed Journal Articles
Zhang, T., Gerlowski, D. A., & Acs, Z. J. (2021). Working from home: small business performance and the COVID-19 pandemic. Small Business Economics. online first(https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-021-00493-6),
Zhang, T. (2019). Workforce Training for Older Workers: Toward a Better Understanding of Older Worker Needs after the Great Recession. Advances in Industrial and Labor Relations. 25. 185-218.
Zhang, T., & Acs, Z. J. (2019). Does Generation Matter for Entrepreneur Types: Four Generations of Entrepreneurs. Southern Economic Journal. 86(2), 459-477.
Gaynor, G., Korb, P. J., Gerlowski, D. A., & Zhang, T. (2019). An alternate state in mind: the effect of CPA exam credit-hour requirements and economic competitiveness on state-level exam candidate pools and pass rates. Accounting Education. 28(6),
Kang, Y., Miller, N., Tzeng, H., & Zhang, T. (2019). Rural Disparities in Hospital Patient Satisfaction. Journal of Patient Experience.
Zhang, T. (2019). Eight Types of Boomer Entrepreneurs. Australian Journal of Career Development. 28(1), 61-72.
Kang, Y., Miller, N. A., Tzeng, H., & Zhang, T. (2018). Racial and Mental Disorders' Impact on Older Patients' Nursing Home Admissions upon Hospital Discharge. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics. 79(2018), 269-274.
Zhang, T., & Acs, Z. J. (2018). Age and Entrepreneurship: Nuances from Entrepreneur Types and Generation Effects. Small Business Economics. 51(4),
Zhang, T., & Gerlowski, D. A. (2018). Welfare to Work Propensities: Administrative Record Evidence. Applied Economics Letters.
Zhang, T. (2017). The Value of Extended Time Span Coverage on Career Pathway: The Case for Sustained Investment in State Longitudinal Integrated Data System. International Journal of Manpower. 38(4),
Monographs
Zhang, T. (2016). Age and Entrepreneurship. �Age and Entrepreneurship,� State of the Field, Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation..
Magazine/Trade Publication
Zhang, T. (2021). A poem on China�s Labor Day (in Chinese). China Well-off (Top Chinese Official Magazine). 68(4),
Zhang, T. (2020). A poem on China�s 70th Birthday (in Chinese). China Well-off. 56(1), 84, back cover.
Broadcast Media
Nock, K., & Zhang, T. (2018). With Credit Tight, Millennial Entrepreneurs Travel a Different Path. March 5, 2018.
Farrell, C., & Zhang, T. (2018). Here�s why entrepreneurship is booming for older boomers. meeting jobs. March 2018.
T., & Zhang, T. (2017). Scholar Highlights: Ting Zhang, 2007 Kauffman Dissertation Fellow.
Research Report
Zhang, T., & Acs, Z. J. (2017). Boomer Entrepreneurs: Heterogeneities, Driving Factors and Economic Impact. EWING MARION KAUFFMAN FOUNDATION RESEARCH PAPER SERIES. 11(14),
Broadcast Media
FinLit, ., & Zhang, T. (2016). An Investigation on Health Impact of Self-Employment. FinLit Talks. 4th Quarter, 2016.
F., & Zhang, T. (2016). with Ting Zhang of the University of Baltimore on An Investigation on Health Impact of Self-Employment. FinLit Talks.
Research Report
Zhang, T., & Acs, Z. J. (2016). Boomer Entrepreneurs: Heterogeneities, Driving Factors and Economic Impact. Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation. 11(14),
Cited Research
Farrell, C., & Zhang, T. (2016). Yes, You Can Start A Business In Retirement. Forbes.
Presentations
Zhang, T. Seminar of Erickson School of Aging Studies, "Boomer Entrepreneurs: Age and Type," Erickson School of Aging Studies, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD. (2021).
Zhang, T. Western Economic Association Annual Conference, "Working from Home for Small versus Large Business Performance in the COVID-19 Pandemic," Western Economic Association, Virtual. (2021).
Fan, H., Bai, X., & Zhang, T. Chinese Economists Society Annual Conference, "Aging Population and Employment Propensity among Migrating Seniors in China," Chinese Economists Society, Virtual. (2021).
Zhang, T. Labor and Employment Relations Association (LERA) 73rd Annual Meeting, "Small Business and the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Role of Work from Home," Labor and Employment Relations Association (LERA), Virtual. (2021).
Zhang, T. The Global Longevity Economy and the Critical Role of Entrepreneurs, "Age and entrepreneurship: nuances from entrepreneur types and generation effects," Erickson School of Aging Studies, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD. (2021).
Zhang, T., & Helms, C. Western Economic Association Virtual International Conference,, "The Employment and Earning Outcomes after the ABAWD Waiver Expired: Benefit Reduction or Enhanced Employment," Western Economic Association, Virtual. (2021).
Zhang, T., Gerlowski, D. A., & Acs, Z. J. Western Economic Association Virtual International Conference, "Small Business and the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Role of Work from Home," Western Economic Association, Virtual. (2021).
Zhang, T. RED Talk, University of Baltimore, "Working from Home: Small Business Performance and the COVID-19 Pandemic," University of Baltimore, Virtual. (2021).
Zhang, T. Western Regional Science Association annual meeting, "Small Business and the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Role of Work from Home," Western Regional Science Association, virtual. (2021).
Gerlowski, D. A., & Zhang, T. Economic Effects of the COVID-19 2020 Pandemic on Entrepreneurship and Small Firms, "�Economic Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Entrepreneurship," Small Business Economics, zoom. (2020).
Zhang, T. North America Regional Science annual conference, "Small Business In the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Role of Work from Home," North America Regional Science Council, Virtual. (2020).
Zhang, T. Regional Economics Applications Laboratory Seminar, "The Role of Work from Home for Small Businesses in the COVID-19 Pandemic," University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana-Champaign, IL. (2020).
Zhang, T. 23rd Uddevalla Symposium 2020, "Digital Exposure, Age, and Entrepreneurship," Uddevalla Symposium, Stenungsbaden, Sweden. (2020).
Zhang, T., Carr, D., & Kang, Y. The Aging Population: Individual, Organizational and Regional Opportunities and Challenges, "�I am in Control Now�: Health Impact of Self-Employment among Older Workers," 23rd Uddevalla Symposium 2020, https://ju-se.zoom.us/j/67206864397. (2020).
Zhang, T. the Chinese Economists Society (CES) 2020 North America Conference, "Digital Exposure, Age, and Entrepreneurship," the Chinese Economists Society (CES) 2020 North America Conference, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA. (2020).
Zhang, T. University Research Seminar, "Age, Digitization, and Entrepreneurship," Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China. (2019).
Zhang, T. University Seminar, "Age, Digitization, and Entrepreneurship," Nanjing Audit Univesrity, Nanjing, China. (2019).
Zhang, T. 3rd International Academic Conference on Sustainable Urban and Regional Development, "Digitization and Older Workers� Entrepreneur Propensity," (2019).
Zhang, T. 22nd Uddevalla Symposium, "Age, Digitization, and Entrepreneurship," Uddevalla Symposium, L'Aquila, Italy,. (2019).
Zhang, T. Labor and Employment Relations Association (LERA) 71st Annual Meeting, "Does Working for Oneself, not Others, Matters to Older Adults' Health?," Labor and Employment Relations Association (LERA), Cleveland, OH. (2019).
Zhang, T., & Acs, Z. J. 2019 BCERC (Babson College Entrepreneurship Research Conference), "Age and Entrepreneurship: Nuances from Entrepreneur Types and Generation Effects," Babson Park, MA. (2019).
Zhang, T., & Gerlowski, D. A. 2019 BCERC (Babson College Entrepreneurship Research Conference), "Ownership Stake Diffusion in Entrepreneur Teams: Power of Similar but Differentiating Ownership Shares," Babson Park, MA. (2019).
Zhang, T., & Stough, R. Western Regional Science Association annual meeting, "Digitization, age and entrepreneurship," Western Regional Science Association, Napa Valley, CA. (2019).
Zhang, T., & Acs, Z. J. 2019 American Economic Association ASSA annual meeting, "Does Generation Matter for Entrepreneur Types?: Four Generations of Entrepreneurs," American Economic Association ASSA, Atlanta, GA. (2019).
Zhang, T., Gerlowski, D. A., & Chen, D. 2019 American Economic Association ASSA annual meeting, "Ownership Stake and Sweat Equity Homophiles in High Tech Entrepreneur Teams," American Economic Association ASSA, Atlanta, GA. (2019).
Zhang, T., & Gerlowski, D. A. Labor and Employment Relations Association (LERA) 70th Annual Meeting, "Ownership Stake Diffusion in Entrepreneur Teams," Labor and Employment Relations Association (LERA), Baltimore, MD. (2018).
Zhang, T. Regulatory and Capital Challenges to Innovation, "women and minority-owned small businesses," U.S. Congress Joint Economic Committee, Washington DC. (2018).
Zhang, T. US House Committee on Small Businesses, "Age, generation, and Entrepreneurship," US House Committee on Small Businesses, Washington DC. (2018).
Zhang, T., & Acs, Z. J. 2018 American Economic Association Annual Meeting, "Boomer Entrepreneurs: Heterogeneities, Driving Factors and Economic Impact," American Economic Association, Philadelphia, PA.. (2018).
Zhang, T., & Gerlowski, D. A. 2018 American Economic Association Annual Meeting, "Welfare to Work Propensities: Administrative Record Evidence," American Economic Association, Philadelphia, PA.. (2018).
Zhang, T. Lecture for Chinese Guangxi Province government delegate, "Property Rights and Social Entrepreneurship," Schaefer Center of Public Policy, University of Baltimore, Baltimore, MD. (2017).
Zhang, T., & Acs, Z. J. 2017 North American Meetings of the Regional Science Association International, "Economic Impact of Boomer Entrepreneurship and its Heterogeneity," North American Meetings of the Regional Science Association International, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. (2017).
Zhang, T. Lecture for a Chinese Hubei Province government delegate, "Career Technical Education in the United States: Governance, Funding, and Regulation," American University, Washington DC. (2017).
Zhang, T. Lecture for Chinese Hubei Province government delegate, "The Public Employment Service System in the United States," American Univesrity, Washington DC. (2017).
Zhang, T., & Gerlowski, D. A. 2017 GW Annual Entrepreneurship Conference, "Ownership Stake Diffusion in Entrepreneur Teams:," George Washington University, Washington DC. (2017).
Zhang, T., & Acs, Z. J. 2017 GW Annual Entrepreneurship Conference, "�Boomer Entrepreneurs: Age and Type," George Washington University, Washington DC. (2017).
Zhang, T., & Acs, Z. J. Johns Hopkins University Research Seminar, "Boomer Entrepreneurs: Age and Type," Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD. (2017).
Zhang, T. Academic Exchange on Entrepreneurship, "Ownership Stake and Sweat Equity in Entrepreneur Teams," Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui Province, China. (2017).
Zhang, T. the 1st International Conference of Innovative Research in East-West Business, "Ownership Stake and Sweat Equity in Entrepreneur Teams," Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China. (2017).
Zhang, T. Labor and Employment Relations Association (LERA) 69th Annual Meeting, "Training for Older Workers: Toward a Better Understanding of Older Worker Needs Through Workforce Investment Act Training During the Economic Recovery," Labor and Employment Relations Association, Anaheim, CA. (2017).
Zhang, T. 2017 American Economic Association Annual Meeting, "The Value of extended Time Span Coverage on Career Pathway: The Case for Sustained Investment in State Longitudinal Integrated Data System," American Economic Association, Chicago, IL. (2017).
Zhang, T. Baby Boomer and Entrepreneurship, "Does Working for Oneself, not Others, Improve Later Life Health," George Washington University and Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation, Washington DC. (2016).
Zhang, T. Developing Leaders in a Volatile, Uncertain, Complex & Ambiguous (VUCA) World, "The Economic Impact and Health Effect of Older Adults� Entrepreneurship," Leadership in motion, Klippan, Sweden. (2016).
Zhang, T. Kauffman Foundation Minority Entrepreneurship Conference, "Entrepreneurial Team Dynmics," The Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation, Anaheim, CA. (2016).
Zhang, T. Kauffman Emerging Scholars Conference, "Exploring Heterogeneity of Boomer Entrepreneurs," Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation, Kansas City, MO. (2016).
Zhang, T. The Connection between SNAP and Work, "Work Eligible SNAP Recipients� Work Propensity, Labor Market Tenure and Earnings in Maryland," Office of Planning, Research, and Evaluation (OPRE) Self-Sufficiency Research Clearinghouse, web (webinar). (2016).
Zhang, T. Data Sharing to Improve Outcomes for Children and Youth, "A Quick Research Project Showcase of A Maryland Integrated Data System,," Anne E Casey Foundation and Baltimore�s Promise, Baltimore, MD. (2016).
Contracts, Grants and Sponsored Research
Zhang, Ting (Principal), "Data Linage and Other Technical Services, Family Investment Administration Programs" Sponsored by Maryland Department of Human Services, State, $294997. (2020 - 2024).
Zhang, Ting , "The Maryland Unemployment Insurance System: A Proposal for Analysis Supporting Program Reform" Sponsored by Maryland Department of Labor, Division of Unemployment Insurance, $134257. (2020 - 2024).
Zhang, Ting (Co-Principal), "Maryland Reemployment Services and Eligibility Assessments: Evaluation" Sponsored by Maryland Department of Labor, Division of Unemployment Insurance, State, $262152. (2020 - 2023).
Zhang, Ting , "The Self-employment and Working from Home (WFH) Trends in Maryland: Industry and Occupation Analysis and Related Factors" Sponsored by Maryland Department of Labor, Division of Workforce Development and Adult Learning,, State, $237893. (2021 - 2022).
Zhang, Ting (Principal), "Impact of COVID-19 on Maryland Employment Demand, Trends, and Services" Sponsored by Maryland Department of Labor, Division of Workforce Development and Adult Learning, State, $89810. (2020 - 2021).
Zhang, Ting (Principal), "Labor Market Information of Maryland" Sponsored by Maryland Department of Labor, Division of Workforce Development and Adult Learnin, State, $199803. (2020 - 2021).
Zhang, Ting , Gerlowski, Daniel A., "Does COVID-19 Make Teleworking a New Normal?" Sponsored by University of Baltimore, Merrick School of Business, Local, $6000. (2020 - 2021).
Zhang, Ting (Principal), "Evaluating The Maryland PROMISE: Promoting Employment Readiness of SSI Minors" Sponsored by US Department of Education and Maryland Department of Disability, Federal, $16650. (2020).
Zhang, Ting (Principal), "The Maryland PROMISE: Promoting Employment Readiness of SSI Minor" Sponsored by US Department of Education (USDE) & Maryland Department of Disability, Federal, $292029. (2019 - 2020).
Zhang, Ting (Principal), "Evaluating Unemployment Insurance Recipients" Sponsored by Maryland Department of Labor, Licensing and Regulation, Division of Unemployment Insurance, State, $37758. (2019 - 2020).
Zhang, Ting (Principal), "Labor Market Information of Maryland" Sponsored by Maryland Department of Labor, Licensing and Regulation, Division of Workforce Development and Adult Learning, State, $180561. (2019 - 2020).
Zhang, Ting (Principal), "Research on the Unemployment" Sponsored by Maryland Department of Labor, Licensing and Regulation, Division of Unemployment Insurance, State, $250916. (2019 - 2020).
Zhang, Ting (Principal), "SNAP TCA and Employment Research and technical assistance" Sponsored by Maryland Department of Human Services, State, $1258113. (2017 - 2020).
Zhang, Ting (Principal), "New Extended Project for �The Maryland PROMISE: Promoting Employment Readiness of SSI Minors,�" Sponsored by Maryland Department of Disability, US Department of Education (USDE), Federal, $68836. (2019).
Zhang, Ting (Principal), "Labor Market Information Studies of Maryland 2019" Sponsored by Maryland Department of Labor, Licensing and Regulation, State, $170516. (2018 - 2019).
Zhang, Ting (Principal), "Research on Unemployment Insurance," Sponsored by Maryland Department of Labor, Licensing and Regulation, Division of Unemployment Insurance,, State, $250916. (2018 - 2019).
Zhang, Ting (Principal), "The Maryland Promise: Promoting Employment Readiness of SSI Minors" Sponsored by US Department of Education USDE CFDA 84.418 & the Maryland Department of Disabilities, Federal, $126732. (2017 - 2019).
Zhang, Ting , "The Role of Later Life Self-employment in Retirement Income Security and Social Security Trust Fund" Sponsored by Boston College and US Social Security Administration, Federal, $44526. (2017 - 2018).
Zhang, Ting , "Labor Market Information Studies of Maryland 2018" Sponsored by Maryland Department of Labor, Licensing and Regulation, State, $211608.00. (2017 - 2018).
Zhang, Ting , "Labor Market Information of Maryland" Sponsored by Maryland Department of Labor, Licensing and Regulation, State, $262969. (2016 - 2017).
Zhang, Ting , "University of Chicago NORC Kauffman Firm Survey Data Enclave Seat Sponsorship/fellowship" Sponsored by The Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation, Private, (2016).
Zhang, Ting , "Kauffman Foundation Minority Entrepreneurship Conference Travel & Accommodation grants" Sponsored by The Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation, Private, $2000. (2016).
Zhang, Ting , "Kauffman Emerging Scholar Fellowship Travel Grant" Sponsored by The Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation, Private, $1500. (2016).
Media Contributions
Public Radio for Northeast Ohio: (2018).
Meeting jobs.com: Media Citation, Meeting jobs.com, �Here�s why entrepreneurship is booming for older boomers�. By Lois Gilbert. Mar 1, 2018. https://meetingjobs.com/heres-entrepreneurship-booming-older-boomers/. (2018).
The Entrepreneurial Scholar: Featured in the Scholar Highlights in the Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation�s newsletter �The Entrepreneurial Scholar�, May 2017. (2017).
FinLit Talks: (2016).
Baltimore Sun: (2016).
Inc. Magazine: Inc. Magazine, on seniors starting companies, interviewed by Leigh Buchanan, May 25, 2016. (2016).
The Baltimore Sun: on Employment Growth in Education and Health Sector in Maryland, interviewed by Natalie Sherman (2016).
Research in Progress
"A New Perspective on SNAP Caseload Dynamics: A Decade (2004-2013) of Change in the employment Status of SNAP Recipients in Maryland" (Writing Results)
In press now"An Alternate State in Mind: An Analysis of In-State vs. Out-of-State CPA Exam Candidates and their Effect on State-Level Exam Pass Rates" (Writing Results)
Using the test center location of CPA candidates, we analyze the pass rates of U.S. jurisdictions regarding the performance of both in-state and out-of-state candidates."Baltimore�s Post-recession Socioeconomic Environment & Local Job Access for Older Work-eligible Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) Recipients: a Locational Approach for Welfare-to-work Examination" (Writing Results)
"Board Gender Diversity and Executive Compensation" (On-Going)
We analyze the influence of gender diversity on corporate boards on executive compensation."Central Baltimore�s Post-recession Socioeconomic Environment and Local Job Access for Work-eligible Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) Recipients: a Locational Approach for Welfare-to-work Examination" (Writing Results)
"Digitization and Entrepreneurship" (Writing Results)
"Evaluation of Maryland Million Hearts Initiative" (On-Going)
DHMH commissioned evaluation of the Million Hearts Initiatives implemented by 10 key partners throughout the state of Maryland."Health Impact of Self-employment"
"Housing Price Variability: National and Local Impacts" (On-Going)
"Post-recession Socioeconomic Environment and Local Job Access for Work-eligible Temporary Assistance for Needy Families Recipients" (Writing Results)
"The Employment and Earning Outcomes after the ABAWD Waiver Expired: Benefit Reduction or Enhanced Employment" (Writing Results)
"The Evolution of Entrepreneurial Teams� Equity Splits for the first Eight Years: The Role of Financial Contributions and Human Capital" (Writing Results)
"The Relationship between School Characteristics, High School Drop Out and the State Workforce" (Writing Results)
"The Value of Extended Time Span Coverage on Career Pathway: The Case for Sustained Investment in State Longitudinal Integrated Data Systems" (On-Going)
"Training for Older Workers: Toward a Better Understanding of Older Worker Needs through Workforce Investment Act Training during the Economic Recovery" (On-Going)